Waves and the EM Spectrum

**Wavelength (λ)**: The distance between two consecutive wave crests or troughs.
**Frequency (f)**: The number of waves that pass a given point per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
**Wave speed (v)**: The speed at which the wave travels, calculated as v = f × λ.
**Amplitude**: The maximum displacement of the wave from its resting position.
**Transverse waves**: The particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave travel (e.g., light, water waves).
**Longitudinal waves**: The particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave travel (e.g., sound waves).
**Reflection**: Waves bouncing back from a surface, following the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection).
**Refraction**: The bending of waves when they pass from one medium to another with a different speed.

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